STEM是什么？為何成為美國(guó)留學(xué)熱門(mén)

STEM 是科學(xué)(Science)、技術(shù)(Technology)、工程(Engineering)和數(shù)學(xué)(Mathematics)四門(mén)學(xué)科的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)。STEM教育并不是科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)教育的簡(jiǎn)單迭加，而是要融合各學(xué)科的知識(shí)，把學(xué)到的科學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)和其他知識(shí)應(yīng)用到生活中去，以更好地培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神與實(shí)踐能力。

STEM 教育(STEM Education)源于美國(guó)。美國(guó)科學(xué)教育學(xué)者最早于20世紀(jì)50年代提出科學(xué)素養(yǎng)概念，也得到其他國(guó)家科學(xué)教育學(xué)者的認(rèn)可。該理念認(rèn)為，我們正處在一個(gè)科學(xué)和技術(shù)占領(lǐng)主導(dǎo)地位的世界里，這是一個(gè)提升國(guó)家綜合實(shí)力的關(guān)鍵因素。這與20世紀(jì)前半葉科學(xué)的迅猛發(fā)展是分不開(kāi)的：科學(xué)技術(shù)和工程的發(fā)展給公眾的生活帶來(lái)翻天覆地的變化，堪稱(chēng)社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)步的重要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

小布什兩屆任期內(nèi)，STEM 作為新概念不斷出現(xiàn)在美國(guó)各種改革政策和項(xiàng)目，甚至法律中。2007年10月，美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)委員會(huì)發(fā)布報(bào)告《國(guó)家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃：應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)教育系統(tǒng)的緊急需要》，提醒美國(guó)時(shí)刻不忘加強(qiáng)開(kāi)展 STEM 教育。

奧巴馬總統(tǒng)執(zhí)政之后，對(duì) STEM 教育的重視更提升到新的層次。上任之初，他便將增加財(cái)政投入支持 STEM 教育寫(xiě)進(jìn)《美國(guó)振興及投資法案》并頒布。第一任期內(nèi)，他實(shí)施「競(jìng)爭(zhēng)卓越計(jì)劃」、「為創(chuàng)新而教計(jì)劃」以及「新科技教育十年計(jì)劃」等。2014年，白宮和美國(guó)教育部提出 STEM 國(guó)家人才培育策略，并針對(duì)中小學(xué) STEM 教育，切實(shí)提出各州在創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò)合作、培訓(xùn)老師、建立專(zhuān)家教師團(tuán)、資助重點(diǎn)學(xué)校和增加科研投入方面的具體措施。

值得注意的是，美國(guó) STEM 教育的推廣，不是在政府指導(dǎo)下單純依靠學(xué)校推動(dòng)，而是動(dòng)員了全社會(huì)，特別是企業(yè)界的力量。在美國(guó)，蓋茨基金會(huì)和紐約卡內(nèi)基公司支持100多位企業(yè) CEO 創(chuàng)建「變革方程」公益機(jī)構(gòu)。他們通過(guò)利用資金、資源和影響力：1)促進(jìn) STEM 公益教育事業(yè);2)激勵(lì)青少年學(xué)習(xí) STEM;3)推動(dòng)基于 STEM 的教育改革。STEM 教育就像個(gè)全民運(yùn)動(dòng)!

從教育目標(biāo)來(lái)說(shuō)，STEM 教育的基本目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的 STEM 素養(yǎng)。美國(guó)州長(zhǎng)協(xié)會(huì)在2007年頒布的《創(chuàng)新美國(guó)：擬定科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程與數(shù)學(xué)議程共同綱領(lǐng)》中指出，在知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，只有具備 STEM 素養(yǎng)的人才能在激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取得先機(jī)，得到勝利。該綱領(lǐng)認(rèn)為，STEM 素養(yǎng)是學(xué)生在科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域以及相關(guān)交叉領(lǐng)域中，運(yùn)用個(gè)人關(guān)于現(xiàn)實(shí)世界運(yùn)行方式知識(shí)的能力。

顯而易見(jiàn)，STEM 素養(yǎng)包含了科學(xué)素養(yǎng)、技術(shù)素養(yǎng)、工程素養(yǎng)和數(shù)學(xué)素養(yǎng)，同時(shí)又不是四者的簡(jiǎn)單組合：它包含運(yùn)用這四門(mén)學(xué)科的相關(guān)能力、把學(xué)習(xí)到的零碎知識(shí)與機(jī)械過(guò)程，轉(zhuǎn)變成探究真實(shí)世界相互聯(lián)系的不同側(cè)面的綜合能力。
 

STEM 教育的特征

STEM 教育中，四門(mén)學(xué)科的教學(xué)必須緊密相連，以整合的教學(xué)方式培養(yǎng)學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)和技能，并靈活應(yīng)用解決真實(shí)世界的問(wèn)題。STEM 教育具備新的核心特征：跨學(xué)科、趣味、體驗(yàn)、情境、協(xié)作、設(shè)計(jì)、藝術(shù)、實(shí)證和技術(shù)增強(qiáng)等。

(一)跨學(xué)科

知識(shí)按學(xué)科進(jìn)行劃分，并不反映我們生活世界的真像和趣味。因此，分科教學(xué)(如物理、化學(xué))在科學(xué)、技術(shù)和工程高度發(fā)達(dá)的今天，已出現(xiàn)很大的問(wèn)題。針對(duì)這問(wèn)題，理工科教育出現(xiàn)了取消分科、進(jìn)行整合教育的趨勢(shì)。這種跨學(xué)科處理是 STEM 教育最重要的核心特征。

(二)趣味

STEM 教育在實(shí)施過(guò)程中要把多學(xué)科知識(shí)融于有趣、有挑戰(zhàn)、與生活相關(guān)的問(wèn)題中。問(wèn)題和活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)要能激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)者內(nèi)在的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)，問(wèn)題的解決要能讓學(xué)生有成就感。

(三)體驗(yàn)

STEM 教育不僅主張通過(guò)自學(xué)或教師講授習(xí)得抽象知識(shí)，更強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生動(dòng)手、動(dòng)腦參與學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。STEM 提供了學(xué)生動(dòng)手做的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)，學(xué)生應(yīng)用所學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)知識(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)、并合作解決現(xiàn)實(shí)世界問(wèn)題。

(四)情境

STEM 不是教授學(xué)生孤立、抽象的學(xué)科知識(shí)，而強(qiáng)調(diào)把知識(shí)還原于豐富的生活，結(jié)合生活中有趣、有挑戰(zhàn)的問(wèn)題，通過(guò)學(xué)生解決問(wèn)題來(lái)完成教學(xué)。教師在設(shè)計(jì) STEM 教育項(xiàng)目問(wèn)題時(shí)，一方面要基于真實(shí)的生活情景，另一方面又要蘊(yùn)含結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí)。這樣，學(xué)生在解決問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中，不僅能獲得知識(shí)，還能獲得在情境中理解知識(shí)，以及遷移運(yùn)用的能力。

(五)協(xié)作

STEM 教育重視協(xié)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)在群體協(xié)同中相互幫助、相互啟發(fā)，進(jìn)行群體性知識(shí)建構(gòu)。STEM教育中的問(wèn)題往往是真實(shí)的，真實(shí)任務(wù)的完成離不開(kāi)其他同學(xué)、教師或?qū)＜业暮献鳌?/p>

(六)設(shè)計(jì)

STEM 教育要求學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)出環(huán)節(jié)包含設(shè)計(jì)作品，這是獲得成就感、維持和激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)、保持學(xué)習(xí)好奇心的重要途徑。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)、鍛煉能力、提高 STEM 素養(yǎng)，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)是 STEM 教育的又一核心特征。

如果一直關(guān)注美國(guó)國(guó)家年度教師獎(jiǎng)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，近些年來(lái)，這一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)似乎對(duì)STEM教師格外“偏愛(ài)”。2008—2013年間，6位獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)弋?dāng)中有一半是STEM教師。今年5月的教師紀(jì)念周里，美國(guó)教育部部長(zhǎng)阿恩·鄧肯接見(jiàn)的5名教師代表中，亦有3位是科學(xué)教師。

確實(shí)，近年來(lái)，STEM教育已是美國(guó)教育的重中之重，其受重視的程度有目共睹。美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬在2013年的國(guó)情咨文中提出的兩個(gè)教育目標(biāo)中，其中之一即為“培育新一代的STEM人才”。
 

美國(guó)STEM教育的困局

雖然備受重視，但是STEM教育、STEM人才的現(xiàn)狀卻讓人憂(yōu)慮。

美國(guó)在發(fā)布于2011年的一份《人力資源調(diào)查報(bào)告》中指出：超過(guò)一半的美國(guó)雇主發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很難找到具備高等數(shù)學(xué)、高等物理、高等化學(xué)知識(shí)的員工，而這些知識(shí)卻是工作當(dāng)中必須掌握的。西門(mén)子的報(bào)告稱(chēng)：2012年，該公司原計(jì)劃在美國(guó)招收3000多個(gè)員工，但在招聘當(dāng)中卻發(fā)現(xiàn)僅有10%的應(yīng)征者能夠順利通過(guò)STEM能力測(cè)試，這也就意味著90%的應(yīng)征者未能從學(xué)校教育中獲取勝任這3000個(gè)職位的能力。

因此，專(zhuān)家預(yù)計(jì)，在接下來(lái)的十幾年，美國(guó)必須多培養(yǎng)一百萬(wàn)STEM領(lǐng)域的高校畢業(yè)生，才能使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)立于不敗之地。

與STEM人才匱乏的現(xiàn)狀相對(duì)應(yīng)的卻是快速增長(zhǎng)的需求量。在美國(guó)，STEM領(lǐng)域的職數(shù)增長(zhǎng)速度是其余工種的三倍。還有一點(diǎn)也許更能打動(dòng)正在找工作的畢業(yè)生：STEM相關(guān)行業(yè)的薪水通常比其他行業(yè)高出26%。

從上述統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中得出的結(jié)論就是，所有學(xué)生都亟須在K-12階段獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)的STEM教育，不管他們是想接著上大學(xué)，還是步入職場(chǎng)謀生。因此，美國(guó)亟須為K-12階段的學(xué)生提供既生動(dòng)有趣又能讓更多人享有的STEM課程，否則美國(guó)今天的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)地位將朝不保夕。

縱觀當(dāng)前美國(guó)各地推進(jìn)STEM的行動(dòng)，落實(shí)在操作層面上，有兩個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)非常明顯，一是擁抱數(shù)字技術(shù)，二是在真實(shí)情境中學(xué)習(xí)。
 

STEM學(xué)校打造數(shù)字校園

近日，美國(guó)華盛頓州的華盛頓湖學(xué)區(qū)STEM學(xué)校聯(lián)合地方高校，共同推出了幾個(gè)以項(xiàng)目為基礎(chǔ)、以STEM課程為重點(diǎn)的合作計(jì)劃，旨在為本學(xué)區(qū)的高中生提供數(shù)字化的、相當(dāng)于大學(xué)水平的STEM課程。

在維吉尼亞州亞歷山大市的托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中，學(xué)生們?cè)?3個(gè)細(xì)分科目的、擁有一流數(shù)字化實(shí)驗(yàn)器材和設(shè)備的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中進(jìn)行原創(chuàng)性研究，跟蹤STEM領(lǐng)域的前沿動(dòng)態(tài)。

今天，美國(guó)越來(lái)越多的STEM學(xué)校正在積極加強(qiáng)和政府、企業(yè)界、高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的合作，以便為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)高科技、合作性的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，而以往，這樣的學(xué)習(xí)情境只存在于高校或職場(chǎng)之中。

教育專(zhuān)家們期望得到的結(jié)果是：當(dāng)學(xué)生們得到機(jī)會(huì)，提早“享用”數(shù)字化工具、專(zhuān)業(yè)渠道的學(xué)習(xí)資源、行業(yè)內(nèi)專(zhuān)家學(xué)者的親身指導(dǎo)，他們就近則學(xué)會(huì)將數(shù)字化資源以專(zhuān)業(yè)的方式融入到自己的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)之中，遠(yuǎn)則有望成長(zhǎng)為新一代科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué)方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)人才。因此，美國(guó)STEM學(xué)校對(duì)數(shù)字技術(shù)的投入可謂不惜工本。

華盛頓湖學(xué)區(qū)STEM學(xué)校的高科技實(shí)驗(yàn)室相當(dāng)于大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室水準(zhǔn)，向所有學(xué)生開(kāi)放。他們可以使用的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備和器材包括：生物技術(shù)DNA設(shè)備，犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)字?jǐn)z像系統(tǒng)，地理信息系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

在加卅納帕縣擁有400名學(xué)生的新技術(shù)高中，學(xué)生們被“甩進(jìn)”一個(gè)擁有先進(jìn)數(shù)字化設(shè)備、實(shí)行公司化運(yùn)作的環(huán)境中，通過(guò)參與項(xiàng)目，鍛煉團(tuán)隊(duì)合作能力和專(zhuān)業(yè)能力。該校推行“帶上自己的設(shè)備”(bring your own device，BYOD)的教育模式，即學(xué)生把家里的數(shù)字設(shè)備帶到學(xué)校來(lái)，學(xué)校提供無(wú)線(xiàn)上網(wǎng)服務(wù)。對(duì)于沒(méi)有購(gòu)買(mǎi)數(shù)字設(shè)備的學(xué)生，學(xué)校也提供上網(wǎng)本以備不時(shí)之需。不過(guò)今年的春假過(guò)后，學(xué)校發(fā)現(xiàn)己經(jīng)有60臺(tái)上網(wǎng)本處于閑置狀態(tài)了，因?yàn)榻^大部分學(xué)生都有了自己的電腦。新技術(shù)高中也接受本地區(qū)商業(yè)伙伴的捐贈(zèng)，最近它獲捐一臺(tái)3D打印機(jī)，正計(jì)劃明年將其融入到學(xué)校的課程中去。

新技術(shù)高中的視頻制作實(shí)驗(yàn)室也對(duì)全體學(xué)生開(kāi)放。現(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)有不少學(xué)生能夠制作出專(zhuān)業(yè)化、高水準(zhǔn)的視頻作品了，其中一名佼佼者甚至還獲得了全美學(xué)生視頻制作大賽的榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。校長(zhǎng)司本塞說(shuō)：“有了這些數(shù)字設(shè)備，教師們?cè)u(píng)估學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果就方便多了，直觀多了。”

此外，新技術(shù)高中的高校合作伙伴納帕山谷學(xué)院還為該校學(xué)生提供sTEM相關(guān)的大學(xué)課程，但是要獲得相應(yīng)學(xué)分，也并非易事。比如，他們要求學(xué)生在自己選擇的科目上，完成一個(gè)50個(gè)小時(shí)的實(shí)習(xí)項(xiàng)目;實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束后，學(xué)生們還必須把項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容制作成數(shù)字化資料，遞交給申請(qǐng)的學(xué)?；驖撛诘墓椭?。
 

注重在真實(shí)情境中學(xué)習(xí)

如果說(shuō)，對(duì)于美國(guó)的STEM學(xué)校來(lái)說(shuō)，數(shù)字技術(shù)是強(qiáng)有力的工具，那么，實(shí)踐、實(shí)習(xí)、項(xiàng)目教學(xué)法則是落到實(shí)處的有效教育策略。

2013年4月9日，美國(guó)下一代科學(xué)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最終版在歷經(jīng)2年時(shí)間的編撰，通過(guò)兩輪的征求公眾意見(jiàn)稿后，終于如期發(fā)布。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的顯著特點(diǎn)就是將科學(xué)和工程的實(shí)踐部分提到顯要位置，主張減少K-12科學(xué)教育理論知識(shí)的覆蓋面，增加學(xué)生動(dòng)手操作的機(jī)會(huì)，以利于科學(xué)探究和工程設(shè)計(jì)的融會(huì)貫通。

《自然》雜志總編、美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)布魯斯·艾伯特也認(rèn)為，對(duì)于K-12階段的學(xué)生而言，積極地參與科學(xué)實(shí)踐比起死記硬背科學(xué)定理更加重要，因此，新一代科學(xué)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將焦點(diǎn)對(duì)準(zhǔn)工程和技術(shù)等實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域，有意識(shí)地將學(xué)生置于問(wèn)題解決的真實(shí)情境之中，引導(dǎo)他們通過(guò)持續(xù)的動(dòng)手操作，增進(jìn)對(duì)科學(xué)概念的深層理解，是把準(zhǔn)了21世紀(jì)科學(xué)課堂的脈搏。

其實(shí)，美國(guó)廣大的STEM學(xué)校也一直在踐行突出實(shí)踐的真實(shí)情境教學(xué)。為學(xué)生提供基于真實(shí)情境的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)就是華盛頓湖學(xué)區(qū)STEM學(xué)校關(guān)注的另一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。該校和世界頂級(jí)名校華盛頓大學(xué)以及本地知名企業(yè)建立起長(zhǎng)期的合作關(guān)系，以方便學(xué)生進(jìn)入大學(xué)校園實(shí)習(xí)、參與研究項(xiàng)目、修讀大學(xué)課程，也鼓勵(lì)他們進(jìn)入職場(chǎng)實(shí)習(xí)、體驗(yàn)真實(shí)世界的STEM項(xiàng)目，在專(zhuān)業(yè)人員的指導(dǎo)下學(xué)以致用。這些學(xué)校的學(xué)生也不再滿(mǎn)足于在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里用高科技實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)各做一些虛擬的實(shí)驗(yàn)，而更愿意看到自己所學(xué)到的知識(shí)對(duì)真實(shí)世界產(chǎn)生的積極影響。

校長(zhǎng)杜娜還表示，該校實(shí)行的也是基于項(xiàng)目的教學(xué)，每年每個(gè)學(xué)生都要參與到6—7個(gè)項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中。而且該校的課程設(shè)置也堪稱(chēng)精細(xì)、豐富、多元。在這里，九～十年級(jí)的學(xué)生課表還相差無(wú)幾，但到了十一年級(jí)時(shí)，學(xué)生們就要選擇一門(mén)STEM課程作為自己的主修項(xiàng)了。從此時(shí)開(kāi)始，學(xué)生們的課表開(kāi)始變得越來(lái)越“個(gè)性化”。比如，今年將要升到十一年級(jí)的學(xué)生就可以在環(huán)境工程、可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)、法醫(yī)心理學(xué)、數(shù)字媒體和設(shè)計(jì)中做出選擇。

托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中的所有選修課都是STEM的某一個(gè)科目，學(xué)生必須完成一系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)和技術(shù)課程方能畢業(yè)，包括四年的核心科學(xué)課程，至少各一年的計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、微積分、設(shè)計(jì)與技術(shù)課程，以及一個(gè)高年級(jí)的研究項(xiàng)目。該研究項(xiàng)目要求學(xué)生就自己感興趣的一個(gè)專(zhuān)題開(kāi)展原創(chuàng)研究。

托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中也開(kāi)設(shè)專(zhuān)業(yè)程度更精更細(xì)的課程，比如，微生物學(xué)、納米技術(shù)、可替代能源系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)科學(xué)電子學(xué)。這些課程決不是靈光一現(xiàn)的產(chǎn)物，而是學(xué)校在政府和企業(yè)界的合作伙伴把有關(guān)STEM領(lǐng)域最前沿的趨勢(shì)、最迫切的需求等信息傳達(dá)到教師那里后，學(xué)校通過(guò)斟酌、協(xié)商、審議后才決定開(kāi)發(fā)的。

科學(xué)定理、定律、概念是簡(jiǎn)潔的，單向度的，而真實(shí)情境是復(fù)雜的，多維度的，所以，當(dāng)把單向度的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到多維度的情境中時(shí)，學(xué)生們的思維路徑就變得多元了，托馬斯·杰弗遜科技高中鼓勵(lì)這種多路徑。

“當(dāng)我們和外界連通時(shí)，數(shù)字化資源和前沿動(dòng)態(tài)就會(huì)順勢(shì)涌入;當(dāng)給學(xué)生設(shè)置的問(wèn)題就存在于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中時(shí)，抽象的科學(xué)知識(shí)就具備了豐沛的實(shí)際意義。這就是為什么STEM課程既要上聯(lián)數(shù)字技術(shù)，又要下達(dá)真實(shí)情境的原因所在。”校長(zhǎng)伊萬(wàn)·格雷澤深有感觸地說(shuō)。

其實(shí)，在美國(guó)K-12階段的STEM教育中，數(shù)字技術(shù)作為手段只是一個(gè)外殼，其最終目的還是千方百計(jì)，將學(xué)生們置于真實(shí)或模擬真實(shí)的情境當(dāng)中，以加深他們對(duì)STEM知識(shí)的理解，并提高他們解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題的能力。
 

以下是全部422個(gè)STEM專(zhuān)業(yè)列表

Acoustics

Actuarial Science

Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Technology, General

Aerospace Ground Equipment Technology

Aerospace Physiology and Medicine

Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical/Space Engineering

Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Breeding

Agricultural Animal Breeding

Agricultural Engineering

AgroEcology and Sustainable Agriculture

Agronomy and Crop Science

Air and Space Operational Art and Science

Air and Space Operations Technology

Air Science/Airpower Studies

Aircraft Armament Systems Technology

Algebra and Number Theory

Analysis and Functional Analysis

Analytical Chemistry

Anatomy

Animal Behavior and Ethology

Animal Genetics

Animal Health

Animal Nutrition

Animal Physiology

Animal Sciences, General

Animal Sciences, Other

AniMATion, InterACTive Technology, Video GrAPhics and SpeCIAl Effects

Applied Mathematics, General

Applied Mathematics, Other

Aquatic Biology/Limnology

Archeology

Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology

Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/CADD

Architectural Engineering

Architectural Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

ArtifiCIAl Intelligence

Astronomy

Astronomy and Astrophysics, Other

Astrophysics

Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatology

Atmospheric Physics and Dynamics

Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, General

Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other

Atomic/Molecular Physics

AutoMATion Engineer Technology/TechniCIAn

Automotive Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn[SITESERVER_PAGE]

Behavioral Sciences

BioChemical Engineering

Biochemistry

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Other

Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering

BioinforMATics

Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Other

Biological and Physical Sciences

BioLogical/BioSystems Engineering

Biology TechniCIAn/Biotechnology Laboratory TechniCIAn

Biology/Biological Sciences, General

BioMathematics, BioinforMATics, and Computational Biology, Other

Biomedical Sciences, General

Biomedical Technology/TechniCIAn

Biometry/Biometrics

Biophysics

BioPsychology

BioStatistics

Biotechnology

Botany/Plant Biology

Botany/Plant Biology, Other

Business Statistics

CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/TechniCIAn

Cardiovascular Science

Cell Biology and Anatomy

Cell Physiology

Cell/Cellular and Molecular Biology

Cell/Cellular Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Other

Cell/Cellular Biology and Histology

Ceramic Sciences and Engineering

Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Chemical Engineering, Other

Chemical Physics

Chemical Process Technology

Chemical Technology/TechniCIAn

Chemistry, General

Chemistry, Other

Civil Drafting and Civil Engineering CAD/CADD

Civil Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Civil Engineering, General

Civil Engineering, Other

Clinical and Industrial Drug Development

Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist

Cognitive Psychology and Psycholinguistics

Cognitive Science

Combat Systems Engineering

Command & Control (C, CI) Systems and Operations

Comparative Psychology

Computational and Applied Mathematics

Computational Biology

Computational Mathematics

Computational Science

Computer and Information Sciences, General

Computer and Information Sciences, Other

Computer and InforMATion Systems Security/InforMATion Assurance

Computer Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Computer Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Computer Engineering, General

Computer Engineering, Other

Computer Graphics

Computer Hardware Engineering

Computer Hardware Technology/TechniCIAn

Computer Programming, Other

Computer Programming, Specific APplications

Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification

Computer Programming/Programmer, General

Computer Science

Computer Software and Media APplications, Other

Computer Software Engineering

Computer Software Technology/TechniCIAn

Computer Support SpeCIAlist

Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst

Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications

Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology

Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other

Condensed Matter and MATerials Physics

Conservation Biology

Construction Engineering

Construction Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Cyber/Computer Forensics and Counterterrorism

Cyber/Electronic Operations and Warfare

Cytotechnology/Cytotechnologist

Dairy Science

DATa Modeling/Warehousing and DATabase Administration

DATa Processing and DATa Processing Technology/TechniCIAn

Developmental and Child Psychology

Developmental Biology and Embryology

Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia

Directed Energy Systems

Drafting and Design Technology/TechniCIAn, General

Drafting/Design Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Ecology

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Ecology, Evolution, SysteMATics and Population Biology, Other

Econometrics and Quantitative Economics

Educational Evaluation and Research

Educational Statistics and Research Methods

Educational/Instructional Technology

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Other

Electrical/Electronics Drafting and Electrical/Electronics CAD/CADD

Electromechanical and Instrumentation and Maintenance Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Electromechanical Engineering

Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Elementary Particle Physics

Endocrinology

Energy Management and Systems Technology/TechniCIAn

Engineering Acoustics

Engineering Chemistry

Engineering Design

Engineering Mechanics

Engineering Physics/Applied Physics

Engineering Science

Engineering Technologies and Engineering-Related Fields, Other

Engineering Technology, General

Engineering, General

Engineering, Other

Engineering/Industrial Management

Engineering-Related Fields, Other

Engineering-Related Technologies, Other

Entomology

Environmental Biology

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Control Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Environmental Engineering Technology/Environmental Technology

Environmental Health

Environmental Science

Environmental Studies

Environmental Toxicology

Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering

Epidemiology

Evolutionary Biology

Exercise Physiology

Experimental Psychology

Explosive Ordinance/Bomb Disposal

Financial Mathematics

Food Science

Food Science and Technology, Other

Food Technology and Processing

Forensic Chemistry

Forensic Science and Technology

Forest Engineering

Forest Sciences and Biology

Genetics, General

Genetics, Other

Genome Sciences/Genomics

Geochemistry

Geochemistry and Petrology

GeogrAPhicInforMATion Science and Cartography

GeoLogical and EArth Sciences/Geosciences, Other

Geological/Geophysical Engineering

Geology/Earth Science, General

Geometry/Geometric Analysis

GeoPhysics and Seismology

Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Hazardous MATerialsInforMATion Systems Technology/TechniCIAn

Hazardous MATerials Management and Waste Technology/TechniCIAn

Health/Medical Physics

Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Horticultural Science

Human Biology

Human Computer InterACTion

Human/Medical Genetics

Hydraulics and Fluid Power Technology/TechniCIAn

Hydrology and Water Resources Science

Immunology

Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences

Industrial Engineering

Industrial Production Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Industrial Radiologic Technology/TechniCIAn

Industrial Safety Technology/TechniCIAn

Industrial Technology/TechniCIAn

InforMATics

InforMATion Operations/Joint InforMATion Operations

Information Science/Studies

Information Technology

Information Technology Project Management

InforMATion/PsychoLogical Warfare and Military Media Relations

Inorganic Chemistry

Instrumentation Technology/TechniCIAn

Integrated Circuit Design

Intelligence, Command Control and InforMATion Operations, Other

Intelligence, General

Joint Command/Task Force (C, CI) Systems

Laser and Optical Engineering

Laser and Optical Technology/TechniCIAn

Livestock Management

Low-Observables and Stealth Technology

Management Science

Management Science and Quantitative Methods, Other

Manufacturing Engineering

Manufacturing Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Marine Biology and BioLogicalOceanogrAPhy

Marine Sciences

MATerials Chemistry

Materials Engineering

Materials Science

Materials Sciences, Other

MATheMATical Biology

Mathematical Statistics and Probability

Mathematics and Computer Science

Mathematics and Statistics

Mathematics and Statistics, Other

Mathematics, General

Mathematics, Other

Mechanical Drafting and Mechanical Drafting CAD/CADD

Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Related Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/TechniCIAn

Mechatronics, Robotics, and AutoMATion Engineering

Medical Informatics

Medical Microbiology and Bacteriology

Medical Scientist

Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Metallurgical Engineering

Metallurgical Technology/TechniCIAn

Meteorology

Microbial and Eukaryotic Genetics

MicrobioLogical Sciences and Immunology, Other

Microbiology and Immunology

Microbiology, General

Military Applied Sciences, Other

Military InforMATion Systems Technology

Military Systems and Maintenance Technology, Other

Military Technologies and Applied Sciences, Other

Mining and Mineral Engineering

Mining and Petroleum Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Mining Technology/TechniCIAn

Missile and Space Systems Technology

Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation

Molecular Biochemistry

Molecular Biology

Molecular Biophysics

Molecular Genetics

Molecular Medicine

Molecular Pharmacology

Molecular Physiology

Molecular Toxicology

Munitions Systems/Ordinance Technology

Mycology[SITESERVER_PAGE]

Nanotechnology

Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy

Natural Resources Conservation and Research, Other

Natural Resources/Conservation, General

Natural Sciences

Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering

Naval Science and Operational Studies

Network and System Administration/Administrator

Neuroanatomy

Neurobiology and Anatomy

Neurobiology and Behavior

Neurobiology and Neurosciences, Other

NeuroPharmacology

Neuroscience

Nuclear and Industrial RadioLogic Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Nuclear Engineering

Nuclear Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/TechniCIAn

Nutrition Sciences

Occupational Safety and Health Technology/TechniCIAn

Ocean Engineering

OceanogrAPhy, Chemical and Physical

Oncology and Cancer Biology

Operational OceanogrAPhy

Operations Research

Optics/Optical Sciences

Organic Chemistry

PackAging Science

Paleontology

PAPer Science and Engineering

Parasitology

Pathology/Experimental Pathology

Personality Psychology

Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Technology/TechniCIAn

Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pharmaceutics and Drug Design

PharmacoEconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics

Pharmacology

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Pharmacology and Toxicology, Other

Photobiology

Physical Chemistry

Physical Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Physical Sciences

Physical Sciences, Other

Physics, General

Physics, Other

Physiological Psychology/Psychobiology

Physiology, General

Physiology, Pathology, and Related Sciences, Other

Planetary Astronomy and Science

Plant Genetics

Plant Molecular Biology

Plant Pathology/Phytopathology

Plant Physiology

Plant Protection and Integrated Pest Management

Plant Sciences, General

Plant Sciences, Other

Plasma and High-Temperature Physics

Plastics and Polymer Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Polymer Chemistry

Polymer/Plastics Engineering

Population Biology

Poultry Science

Pre-Engineering

Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology

PsychoPharmacology

Quality Control and Safety Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Quality Control Technology/TechniCIAn

Radar Communications and Systems Technology

Radiation Biology/Radiobiology

Range Science and Management

Reproductive Biology

Research and Experimental Psychology, Other

Robotics Technology/TechniCIAn

Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, General

Science Technologies/TechniCIAns, Other

Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

Signal/Geospatial Intelligence

Social Psychology

Soil Chemistry and Physics

Soil Microbiology

Soil Science and Agronomy, General

Soil Sciences, Other

Solar Energy Technology/TechniCIAn

Space Systems Operations

Statistics, General

Statistics, Other

Strategic Intelligence

Structural Biology

Structural Engineering

Surveying Engineering

Surveying Technology/Surveying

Sustainability Studies

System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager

SysteMATic Biology/BioLogicalSysteMATics

Systems Engineering

Systems Science and Theory

TeleCommunications Engineering

Telecommunications Technology/TechniCIAn

Textile Sciences and Engineering

Theoretical and Mathematical Physics

Theoretical Chemistry

Topology and FounDATions

Toxicology

Transportation and Highway Engineering

Undersea Warfare

Urban Forestry

Veterinary Anatomy

Veterinary Infectious Diseases

Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology

Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology

Veterinary Physiology

Veterinary Preventive medicine Epidemiology and Public Health

Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology

Virology

Vision Science/PhysioLogical Optics

Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Management and Recycling Technology/TechniCIAn

Water Resources Engineering

Water, Wetlands, and Marine Resources Management

Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and InforMATion Resources Design

Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster

Welding Engineering Technology/TechniCIAn

Wildlife Biology

Wildlife, Fish and Wildlands Science and Management

Wood Science and Wood Products/Pulp and PAPer Technology

Zoology/Animal Biology

Zoology/Animal Biology, Other